Gambling involves putting something of value on the outcome of an event, whether that’s money, a prize or a sporting event. Most people gamble without any problems but for a small minority the activity can become addictive and have serious negative personal, family, work and financial consequences.
In some cases gambling is a way to relieve boredom or unhappiness but this can be easily replaced with healthier activities such as exercising, spending time with friends who don’t gamble and taking up new hobbies. For others the urge to gamble can be triggered by stress, depression or anxiety and may provide short term relief but this can lead to re-occurring problems and escalating levels of distress.
The majority of gambling takes place in a public setting and is governed by rules relating to betting limits, age restrictions and the like. However, some gambling is done privately with friends or family members, often in the form of card games such as poker and blackjack. This type of gambling can be an effective socialising tool and can also help to improve the brain’s ability to recognise patterns, understand maths, and make good decisions. In addition, these games can help to develop teamwork skills and can teach valuable lessons about the relationship between risk and reward.
In general, gambling generates positive economic benefits for the society/community such as increased tourism and tax revenues. This is largely due to the fact that it is a relatively cheap form of entertainment compared with other activities such as going to movies or theatre. It can also be a useful educational tool in schools as it teaches students about the concepts of probability, statistics and risk management. Gambling can also be used as a psychological learning mechanism, helping individuals to practice self-control and make wiser decisions in other areas of their life.
When someone is addicted to gambling the brain changes and becomes less able to resist the reward it receives from winning and this can become very difficult to overcome. Many problem gamblers use the activity as an escape from their daily lives but in the long run this can cause even more stress and often results in debts which cannot be repaid. It has also been linked to petty theft and robbery and to domestic violence.
In the long term, problematic gambling can have serious societal costs that can be seen at three different levels – individual/interpersonal, society/community and global. These impacts can be assessed using various methodologies, including health-related quality of life weights, which are commonly used in alcohol and drug research or monetary values assigned to intangible harms and benefits. Using these approaches can help to clarify the full picture of impact and to inform policymakers about how best to reduce the prevalence of problem gambling. The article will review complementing and contrasting methodologies and identify the key issues that need to be addressed in order to evaluate gambling impacts from a public health perspective.